Uso y Abuso del Término “Psicosocial” en el Campo de la Intervención Social / Use and Abuse of the Term “Psychosocial” in the Field of Social Intervention

Aplicado a la teoría, a la investigación y a la intervención, el término psicosocial se define como un enfoque caracterizado por las relaciones de interdependencia y mutua influencia entre los diversos niveles de la realidad en la que discurre la vida cotidiana. Esta idea empezó a dar sus primeros pasos a partir de los acontecimientos que dieron lugar a las ciencias sociales, la psicología entre ellas. Aplicada a la intervención social, la perspectiva psicosocial parte de una sencilla premisa: la psicología se legitima como un instrumento al servicio del bienestar humano, tanto en su dimensión personal como colectiva y a continuación, asume la naturaleza construida de la realidad y del orden social con el propósito de intentar cambiarlo cuando vaya dejando a su paso daño psicológico y destrucción social sirviéndose para ello de los escenarios sociales (comunidad, grupo) como agente y objetivo del cambio.(AU)

Applied to theory, research, and intervention, the term “psychosocial” is defined as an approach characterized by the relationships of interdependence and mutual influence between the various levels of reality in which daily life takes place. This idea began to take its first steps with the events that gave rise to the social sciences, psychology among them. Applied to social intervention, the psychosocial perspective is based on a simple premise: psychology is legitimized as an instrument to serve human wellbeing, both in its personal and collective dimension. It recognizes the constructed nature of reality and the social order, with the purpose of trying to change it when it leaves psychological damage and social destruction in its wake, using the social scenarios (community, group) as the agent and objective of change.(AU)

Contribution of Social Psychology Research to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Bibliometric and Content Analysis of Spanish Publications.

This study analyses the publications by Spanish institutions indexed by the Web of Science in the thematic category of "Psychology, Social". The objectives are to determine whether such publications address topics related to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and to what extent the research conducted contributes to achieving the goals proposed in each of the SDGs. Publications were classified by their relationship with the SDGs using OSDG tool, and an in-depth content analysis was performed to validate the results. A corpus of 1,632 papers published by Spanish institutions was identified. The results show that 34% percent of the papers address matters related to the SDGs; 23% of these are related to Goal 3 (good health and well-being), and 5%, to Goal 5 (gender equality). For achieving SDG 3 goals, the reviewed papers evidence the need that institutions, governments and society to provide, especially for children and adolescents, healthy social environments to prevent harmful social relationships while improving individual skills to manage emotions in everyday life and promoting cultural integration. Regarding SDG 5, it should be a priority the application of effective strategies to change stereotypes, assigned sexual roles and sexist attitudes that sustain inequality and violence against women.

Violent Extremism and Moral Disengagement: A Study of Colombian Armed Groups.

Violent extremism is commonly conditioned by a variety of psychological processes and mechanisms that when activated or deactivated aid implication in extreme behavior, including destructive actions with a large dose of cruelty against people and groups. One of those processes is moral disengagement, which was originally postulated by Bandura. To test this relationship, the present research focused on studying these mechanisms in members of Colombian illegal armed groups. Total sample size was 18 (14 males and four females) demobilized members of the Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia [AUC]) and guerrilla organizations (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia [FARC], National Liberation Army [ELN], among others), which had participated directly or indirectly in violent actions against people and groups, which included murders, tortures, and massacres. Qualitative methodology was used, specifically in-depth interviews and content analysis. This analysis led to the verification in the narratives of the participants of the use of all the mechanisms of moral disengagement described by Bandura aiming to justify their behavior within the armed group. The most noteworthy mechanisms were those that minimized participation (especially, attributing behavior to obeying orders: displacement of responsibility) and moral justification, especially, the context of confrontation. Moral disengagement processes are found in armed group members (such as insurgency, terrorist organizations, or militias). These mechanisms cancel ordinary psychological reactions of rejection, fear, and moral controls that oppose the carrying out of cruelty and extreme violence.

Contribution of Social Psychology Research to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Bibliometric and Content Analysis of Spanish Publications

This study analyses the publications by Spanish institutions indexed by the Web of Science in the thematic category of “Psychology, Social”. The objectives are to determine whether such publications address topics related to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and to what extent the research conducted contributes to achieving the goals proposed in each of the SDGs. Publications were classified by their relationship with the SDGs using OSDG tool, and an in-depth content analysis was performed to validate the results. A corpus of 1,632 papers published by Spanish institutions was identified. The results show that 34% percent of the papers address matters related to the SDGs; 23% of these are related to Goal 3 (good health and well-being), and 5%, to Goal 5 (gender equality). For achieving SDG 3 goals, the reviewed papers evidence the need that institutions, governments and society to provide, especially for children and adolescents, healthy social environments to prevent harmful social relationships while improving individual skills to manage emotions in everyday life and promoting cultural integration. Regarding SDG 5, it should be a priority the application of effective strategies to change stereotypes, assigned sexual roles and sexist attitudes that sustain inequality and violence against women. (AU)

A Proposal for Evaluating Psychosocial Trauma.

BACKGROUND: The objective of the study was to design and validate the Psychosocial Trauma Scale (ETAPS) for assessing psychosocial consequences of collective violence. This instrument proposed the following dimensions: Pre-traumatic Situation, Destruction of Fundamental Beliefs, Intergroup Emotions, and Family and Community Destruction. METHOD: A total of 382 people participated who had been affected by political violence: civil war in El Salvador, forced displacement from Colombia and state violence from Chile. The study had three phases: (1) content validity of the items evaluated by experts; (2) exploratory factor analysis to study the structure of ETAPS, reducing the number of items; (3) convergent (post-traumatic stress symptomatology) and divergent (psychological and social well-being) validity. RESULTS: The EFA showed that ETAPS had a slightly different internal structure from that proposed. The dimensions found were Pre-traumatic Situation and Intergroup Emotions along with two new emerging dimensions: Destruction of Sociality and Personal and Collective Self-Efficacy. Divergent and convergent validity gave expected results except for the pre-traumatic situation. CONCLUSIONS: The ETAPS dimensions show that the effects of violence are broader than the symptoms measured by clinical scales. An instrument with adequate psychometric properties was obtained which will be useful for future studies in the area.

Effects of a community resilience intervention program on victims of forced displacement: A case study.

This article describes the effects of an intervention program that uses community resilience and the psychological, social, and subjective well-being of victims of forced displacement as a reference framework. Following a multiple instrumental case study methodology with pre-post-intervention measurements, the cases of eight people were analyzed, six women and two men between the ages of 30 and 65, low socioeconomic and educational level, all of whom had been victims of forced displacement and currently reside in Ibagué where the intervention program was performed. The reliable change index was applied to estimate the effects of the program. In each case, participation in the program significantly improved the results of certain variables, but there were differences between the cases concerning the improvement levels and intensity. Therefore, the development of programs that reinforce community resilience can have positive effects on the perceptions of the participants regarding their well-being and social relationships.

A Proposal for Evaluating Psychosocial Trauma / El Trauma Psicosocial: una Propuesta Para su Evaluación

Background: The objective of the study was to design and validate the Psychosocial Trauma Scale (ETAPS) for assessing psychosocial consequences of collective violence. This instrument proposed the following dimensions: Pre-traumatic Situation, Destruction of Fundamental Beliefs, Intergroup Emotions, and Family and Community Destruction. Method: A total of 382 people participated who had been affected by political violence: civil war in El Salvador, forced displacement from Colombia and state violence from Chile. The study had three phases: (1) content validity of the items evaluated by experts; (2) exploratory factor analysis to study the structure of ETAPS, reducing the number of items; (3) convergent (post-traumatic stress symptomatology) and divergent (psychological and social well-being) validity. Results: The EFA showed that ETAPS had a slightly different internal structure from that proposed. The dimensions found were Pre-traumatic Situation and Intergroup Emotions along with two new emerging dimensions: Destruction of Sociality and Personal and Collective Self-Efficacy. Divergent and convergent validity gave expected results except for the pre-traumatic situation. Conclusions: The ETAPS dimensions show that the effects of violence are broader than the symptoms measured by clinical scales. An instrument with adequate psychometric properties was obtained which will be useful for future studies in the area. (AU)

Antecedentes: el objetivo del estudio fue el diseño y validación de la Escala de Trauma Psicosocial (ETAPS) para evaluar consecuencias psicosociales de la violencia colectiva. Este instrumento propuso las dimensiones: Situación Pre-traumática, Destrucción de Creencias Fundamentales, Emociones Intergrupales, y Destrucción Familiar y Comunitaria. Método: participaron 382 personas afectadas por violencia política: guerra civil en El Salvador, desplazamiento forzado de Colombia y violencia estatal de Chile. El estudio contempló tres fases: (1) validez de contenido de los ítems evaluado por expertos; (2) análisis factorial exploratorio para estudiar la estructura de ETAPS, reduciendo el número de ítems; (3) validez convergente (sintomatología de estrés postraumático) y divergente (bienestar psicológico y social). Resultados: el AFE mostró que la ETAPS tenía una estructura interna que difería parcialmente de la propuesta. Las dimensiones encontradas fueron: Situación Pre-traumática y Emociones Intergrupales, junto con dos nuevas dimensiones: Destrucción de la socialidad y Autoeficacia personal y colectiva. La validez divergente y convergente muestra resultados esperados salvo respecto a la situación pretraumática. Conclusiones: las dimensiones de ETAPS plantean que los efectos de la violencia son más amplios que los síntomas medidos por escalas clínicas. Se obtuvo un instrumento con adecuadas propiedades psicométricas útil para futuros estudios en el área. (AU)

Post-traumatic cognitions and quality of life in terrorism victims: the role of well-being in indirect versus direct exposure.

BACKGROUND: The effect of indirect (versus direct) exposure to a traumatic event on the quality of life of terrorist attack victims has received considerable attention in the literature. However, more research is required to examine whether the symptoms and underlying processes caused by both types of exposure are equivalent. Our main hypothesis is that well-being plays a different role depending on indirect vs. direct trauma exposure. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, eighty direct victims of 11-M terrorist attacks (people who were traveling in trains where bombs were placed) and two-hundred indirect victims (individuals highly exposed to the 11-M terrorist attacks through communications media) voluntarily participated without compensation. To test our hypothesis regarding the mediating role of indirect exposure, we conducted a biased corrected bootstrapping procedure. To test our hypothesis regarding the moderating role of direct exposure, data were subjected to a hierarchical regression analysis. RESULTS: As predicted, for indirect trauma exposure, well-being mediated the relationship between post-traumatic dysfunctional cognitions and trauma symptoms. However, for direct trauma exposure, well-being moderated the relationship between post-traumatic dysfunctional cognitions and trauma symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study indicate that the different role of well-being found between indirect (causal factor) and direct exposure (protective factor) should be taken into consideration in interventions designed to improve victims' health.

Para una psicología social crítica no construccionista: reflexiones a partir del realismo crítico de Ignacio Martín-Baró / For a Critic Social Psychology Non-Constructionist: Reflexions from the Critic Realism of Ignacio Martín-Baró

Resumen La naturaleza sociohistóricamente construida y compartida del conocimiento y de la subjetividad que el construccionismo social parece haberse arrogado en propiedad, forma parte de la historia de la ciencia social. Por otra parte, la crítica al modelo causal-mecanicista como única fuente de conocimiento, que el movimiento construccionista considera una de sus principales aportaciones epistemológicas, se remonta nada menos que a Kant. La verdadera aportación del construccionismo social ha consistido en suprimir la experiencia como fuente del conocimiento y de la subjetividad, negar la existencia de una realidad externa al sujeto, mantenerse ontológicamente mudo frente a ella y desconfiar de la posibilidad de cambiarla. Parece evidente que sobre estos cimientos no es posible, tal y como se ha pretendido, construir una psicología social crítica. Frente a ella, y en sus antípodas, el realismo crítico de Martín-Baró parte de la existencia de una realidad objetiva cuyas injusticias y miserias denunció de manera insistente, se vale de métodos cuantitativos para analizarla; la estructura social es su marco de referencia preferido a la hora de estudiar las diversas modalidades y manifestaciones del comportamiento humano, no renuncia a la existencia de verdades parciales y sociohistóricamente situadas y define como objetivo de su quehacer teórico, el cambio social.

The sociohistorically built and created nature of knowledge and subjectivity that social constructionism seems to have arrogated is part of the history of social Science. Moreover, criticism to the casual mechanistic model as the only source of knowledge #that the constructionist movement considers as one of its main epistemological contributions# goes back to none other than Kant. The real contribu tion of social constructionism has consisted in deleting experience as a resource for knowledge and subjectivity, denying the existence of an extemal reality to the subject, keeping ontologically quiet towards it, and distrusting the possibility of changing it. It seems evident that building a critical social psychology upon these foundations is not possible. Opposing this, Martin-Baró's critical realism is based on the existence of an objective reality of which injustices and wretchedness he insistently denounced. This critical realism malees use of quantitative methods to analyze this objective reality, it holds social structure as its preferred framework when studying the different modalities and manifestations of human behavior, it does not deny the existent of partial and sociohistorically situated truths, and it identifies social change as the objective of its theoretical work.

New Evidence of Construct Validity Problems for Pettigrew and Meertens' (1995) Blatant and Subtle Prejudice Scale.

Given the current debate over the distinction between subtle and blatant prejudice, this study provides new evidence regarding problems with the construct validity of the Pettigrew and Meertens' Blatant and Subtle Prejudice Scale. To assess these issues, an existing data sample of 896 Chilean participants collected in 2010 was reanalyzed. The main analysis method used was a confirmatory factor analysis. The model that best represented the original theory (a model of two correlated second-order factors) had an improper solution due to the unidentified model. The scale has substantial psychometric problems, and it was not possible to distinguish between subtle and blatant prejudice.

Social (dis)order and psychosocial trauma: Look earlier, look outside, and look beyond the persons.

The most common and extreme suffering humankind has ever experienced comes from interpersonal and collective intentional violence. In dealing with traumatic outcomes psychology must overcome the mutually constitutive interaction between the (dis)order of a given macro or microsocial context and the mental health of the persons living in it. Social psychologist Ignacio Martín-Baró addressed in a preferential way the study of civil war in El Salvador in terms of intergroup hostility and polarization. He also approached the aftereffects of war by means of a theoretical core assumption: that traumatic experience rooted in collective violence (a human-made stressor) should be understood bearing in mind its social roots (pretraumatic situation), its personal and collective harm (collective injury), and the destruction of the social fabric. These are the arguments for his conceptualization of psychosocial trauma. Twenty-six years after the violent murder of Martín-Baró, along with 5 Jesuit priests, a housekeeper, and his teenage daughter, the current authors have adopted his general framework. Based on new theoretical insights and supporting data, the authors propose an expanded 4-dimension theoretical argument on psychosocial trauma: (a) pretrauma conditions based on social distress, (b) shared network of fear leading to breakdown of core social assumptions, (c) the outgroup as a target of negative emotions, and (d) destruction of family ties and community networks.

The eudaimonic component of satisfaction with life and psychological well-being in Spanish cultures.

BACKGROUND: In the study of well-being there are two partially overlapping traditions that have been developed in parallel. Subjective well-being (SWB) has been associated with the hedonistic approach of well-being, and psychological well-being (PWB) with the eudaimonistic one. However, satisfaction with life, the most common SWB indicator, is not strictly a hedonic concept and contains many eudaimonic components. The objective of this research is to examine whether a Eudaimonic Well-being G-Factor of Satisfaction with Life (SWLS) and Psychological Well-being Scales (PWBS) emerges. METHOD: 400 people from the general population of Colombia (Study 1) and 401 from Spain (Study 2), recruited via advertisement, voluntarily participated and filled in a booklet containing, in order of appearance, the PWBS and the SWLS. RESULTS: According to our hypothesis, parallel analysis, eigenvalues, scree plot graphs and exploratory factor analysis (Study 1) suggested the existence of a one-factor structure. Confirmatory factor analysis (Study 2) indicated that this one-factor model provided excellent data fit. Results of a multi-group confirmatory factor analysis confirmed cross-cultural factor invariance. CONCLUSIONS: These results question the view that the satisfaction with life indicator is uniquely hedonic and point to the need for a greater integration between hedonic and eudaimonic traditions.

La ruta psicosocial del desplazamiento: una perspectiva de género / Psychosocial Pathway of Displacement: A Gender Perspective

Con cerca de cuatro millones de personas afectadas, el desplazamiento forzado constituye hoy en día uno de los mayores problemas sociales a los que se enfrenta la sociedad colombiana. Alrededor de la mitad de estos cuatro millones son mujeres. Este artículo toma como punto de partida varios estudios realizados en los últimos años en el Departamento de Psicología de la Universidad del Norte (Barranquilla) utilizando una metodología cualitativa (8 grupos focales con mujeres desplazadas). Fruto de estos estudios es la conclusión de que la experiencia del desplazamiento en las mujeres está claramente marcada por una ruta que tiene los siguientes episodios: a) la añoranza de la vida en el campo; b) la intempestiva llegada de la violencia y la decisión de huir; c) la vida en la ciudad de acogida y d) la esperanza en el futuro.

With approximately four million affected people, forced displacement is nowadays one of the largest social problems Colombian society must face. About half of these four million are women. This article uses various studies carried out in the last years at the Psychology Department of the Universidad del Norte (Barranquilla) based on qualitative methodology (8 focal groups with displaced women) as a starting point. As a result of these studies it is concluded that the experience of displacement is clearly marked by a route that includes the following episodes: a) yearning for country life; b) the untimely arrival of violence and the decision to escape; c) life in the city of acceptance, and d) hope in the future.

Estudio psicosocial sobre las representaciones sociales de género / A Psychosocial Study about the Social Representations of Gender

Se presenta un estudio de las representaciones sociales acerca de lo masculino y lo femenino elaboradas por una muestra de 435 estudiantes de la Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid. Para el análisis de dichas representaciones se ha utilizado el método de Asociación Libre de Palabras a un conjunto de estímulos inductores. Los resultados del escalamiento multidimensional que asocia los siete estímulos inductores muestran dos claros campos semánticos: el primero, formado por los estímulos inductores desigualdad y violencia; el segundo, formado por los estímulos inductores hombre, masculino, mujer, femenino. La formación del campo semántico indica similitud, una relación de proximidad entre los términos asociados. Los análisis y la discusión de los hallazgos se centran en torno a las representaciones sociales de lo femenino y lo masculino, eje central del debate propuesto.

The present study is about social representations of masculine and feminine held by a sample of 435 students from the Autonomous Community of Madrid. The analysis of the representations was made through a Free Word Association method to a number of inducing stimuli. The results of a multidimensional scaling that associates the seven inducing stimuli clearly show two semantic fields: the first includes inequality and violence as inducing stimuli, and the second is formed by man, masculine, woman, feminine as stimuli. The formation of the semantic field indicated similarity, a relationship of proximity among the associated terms. The analysis and the discussion of the findings are constructed around the social representations of what is masculine and feminine.

El sentido del mundo y el significado del yo: Inventario de Cogniciones Postraumáticas (ICPT) en población hispana / World Schema and Self Schema: The Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI) in Hispanic Population

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar, en población hispana, las propiedades psicométricas del Inventario de Cogniciones Postraumáticas (ICPT), un instrumento diseñado por Edna B. Foa para la medición de creencias y pensamientos relacionados con el trauma. El instrumento fue administrado a una muestra de 132 participantes de España, a una muestra de 363 personas de El Salvador, y a una muestra de 47 víctimas directas de los atentados terroristas del 11-M de España. La estructura factorial del ICPT fue analizada mediante Análisis Paralelo de Horn, análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio. Los resultados señalaron la existencia de tres factores que explicaron un 51% de la varianza: Creencias Negativas sobre el Yo (35%), Creencias Negativas sobre el Mundo (10%) y Autoculpa (6%). Los análisis factoriales confirmatorios respaldaron esta estructura tanto con la ausencia (CFI = 0,93) como con la presencia de un factor general de segundo orden (CFI = 0,93). Las tres dimensiones mostraron una buena consistencia interna en todas las muestras con valores generales del α de Cronbach superiores a 0.90. El ICPT correlacionó con la severidad del trauma (r=0.61) así como con otros instrumentos para medir cogniciones postraumáticas. Finalmente el ICPT discriminó con precisión entre las personas que presentaron psicopatología postraumática de aquellas otras que no lo hicieron.

The main purpose of the present article was to analyze in Hispanic population the psychometric properties of Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI), a measure of trauma-related thoughts and beliefs developed by Edna B. Foa. The inventory was administered to 132 participants of general population of Spain, 363 participants of El Salvador, and 47 direct victims of 11-M terrorist attacks in Spain. The PTCI factorial structure was analyzed using Parallel Analyses of Horn and exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Results showed three factors that explained 51% of variance: Negative Cognitions About Self (35%), Negative Cognitions About the World (10%), and Self-Blame (6%). CFA confirmed the three factors structure without a second order factor (CFI =0,93) and with this general factor (CFI = 0,93). The three dimensions showed good internal consistency with general Cronbach α levels higher than 0,70. PTCI correlated with trauma severity (r = 0,61) and with other measures of trauma-related cognitions. Finally, the PTCI discriminate with precision between traumatized and not traumatized individuals.

Development of an implicit overall well-being measure using the Implicit Association Test.

Usually, well-being has been measured by means of questionnaires or scales. Although most of these methods have a high level of reliability and validity, they present some limitations. In order to try to improve well-being assessment, in the present work, the authors propose a new complementary instrument: The Implicit Overall Well-Being Measure (IOWBM). The Implicit Association Test (IAT) was adapted to measure wellbeing by assessing associations of the self with well-being-related words. In the first study, the IOWBM showed good internal consistency and adequate temporal reliability. In the second study, it presented weak correlations with explicit well-being measures. The third study examined the validity of the measure, analyzing the effect of traumatic memories on implicit well-being. The results showed that people who remember a traumatic event presented low levels of implicit well-being compared with people in the control condition.

Development of an Implicit Overall Well-Being Measure Using the Implicit Association Test

Usually, well-being has been measured by means of questionnaires or scales. Although most of these methods have a high level of reliability and validity, they present some limitations. In order to try to improve well-being assessment, in the present work, the authors propose a new complementary instrument: The Implicit Overall Well-BeingMeasure (IOWBM). The Implicit Association Test (IAT) was adapted to measure well being by assessing associations of the self with well-being-related words. In the first study, the IOWBM showed good internal consistency and adequate temporal reliability. In the second study, it presented weak correlations with explicit well-being measures. The third study examined the validity of the measure, analyzing the effect of traumatic memories on implicit well-being. The results showed that people who remember a traumatic event presented low levels of implicit well-being compared with people in the control condition (AU)

El procedimiento más empleado para la evaluación del bienestar consiste en la utilización de cuestionarios de auto-informe. A pesar de que la mayor parte de estos instrumentos poseen un alto grado de fiabilidad y validez, presentan también algunas limitaciones. Por ello, para intentar complementarlos, en esta investigación se propone, mediante la adaptación del Implicit Association Test (IAT), un nuevo instrumento: la Medida Implícita de Bienestar General (MIBG), que proporciona una evaluación indirecta del bienestar mediante la medición de las asociaciones del Yo (vs. No-Yo) con las categorías Bienestar (vs. Malestar). En el primer estudio, la MIBG mostró una buena consistencia interna y una aceptable fiabilidad temporal. En el segundo estudio presentó débiles correlaciones con las medidas explícitas de bienestar. Para profundizar en la validez de esta medida se desarrolló un tercer estudio experimental que analizó la eficacia de la MIBG para recoger el efecto que tiene recordar un acontecimiento traumático sobre las medidas implícitas del bienestar, comprobando que, frente al grupo control, los participantes que recordaron un acontecimiento traumático mostraron implícitamente menores niveles de bienestar (AU)

El rostro bifronte del fatalismo: fatalismo colectivista y fatalismo individualista / The twofold face of fatalism: Collectivist fatalism and individualist fatalism

El fatalismo ha constituido tradicionalmente un marco central para el estudio de los procesos psicológicos en contextos culturalmente marcados por el colectivismo y por un desarrollo económico endeble. En este caso ha acostumbrado a mostrarse como un esquema cognitivo definido por la aceptación pasiva y sumisa de un destino irremediable tras el que se encuentra la fuerza de la naturaleza o la voluntad de algún Dios. Esta imagen ha perdido estos contornos tan nítidos. En la actualidad, el fatalismo acompaña también la vida de las personas pertenecientes a culturas individualistas que viven dentro de un contexto económico altamente desarrollado y hasta opulento, y se nos muestra como un estado anímico de incertidumbre, inseguridad e indefensión frente a los acontecimientos que caracterizan la sociedad del riesgo global. La propuesta teórica que presentamos en este artículo desarrolla esta doble vertiente del fatalismo

Fatalism has been a central framework for understanding the psychological processes in cultures with pronounced collectivism that are economically poorly developed. In this context, fatalism emerges as cognitive schema defined by passive and submissive acceptance of an irremediable destiny, governed by some natural force or the will of some God. This image has now lost such a clear profile. But currently, fatalism also accompanies the life of people from individualist cultures, who live in a highly developed, or even opulent, economic context. In this case, fatalism is like some mood of uncertainty, insecurity, and helplessness following the events that characterize the society of global risk. In this paper, we propose a theory to develop the two faces of fatalism

[The twofold face of fatalism: collectivist fatalism and individualist fatalism]. / El rostro bifronte del fatalismo: fatalismo colectivista y fatalismo individualista.

Fatalism has been a central framework for understanding the psychological processes in cultures with pronounced collectivism that are economically poorly developed. In this context, fatalism emerges as cognitive schema defined by passive and submissive acceptance of an irremediable destiny, governed by some natural force or the will of some God. This image has now lost such a clear profile. But currently, fatalism also accompanies the life of people from individualist cultures, who live in a highly developed, or even opulent, economic context. In this case, fatalism is like some mood of uncertainty, insecurity, and helplessness following the events that characterize the society of global risk. In this paper, we propose a theory to develop the two faces of fatalism.

La aplicación del modelo del estado completo de salud al estudio de la depresión / Depression and the Complete State Model of Health

La definición de salud propuesta por la OMS señala que ésta no consiste sólo en la ausencia de enfermedad, sino también en la presencia de un estado de completo bienestar físico, mental y social. Para concretar en qué consiste este estado positivo, el Modelo del Estado Completo de Salud (MECS) ha definido la salud mental como un conjunto de síntomas de hedonía y funcionamiento positivo, operativizado por medidas de bienestar subjetivo, bienestar psicológico y bienestar social. Este modelo ha demostrado la existencia de dos nuevos axiomas. Primero: más que formar una única dimensión bipolar, la salud y la enfermedad son dos dimensiones unipolares correlacionadas entre sí. Segundo: la presencia de salud mental supone la existencia de un funcionamiento psicosocial positivo. En la presente investigación se ha aplicado el MECS al estudio de la depresión. Los análisis factoriales realizados parecen señalar que el primer axioma de este modelo no se cumple en su aplicación a este trastorno. De hecho, el modelo que defiende que la depresión y la salud constituyen los dos polos de una única dimensión continua ha mostrado un ajuste excelente a los datos

Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. In order to specify the contents of this positive state, the Complete State Model of Health (CSMH) considers mental health as a series of symptoms of hedonia and positive functioning, operationalized by measures of subjective, psychological, and social well-being. This model has empirically confirmed two new axioms: (a) rather than forming a single bipolar dimension, health and illness are correlated unipolar dimensions, and (b) the presence of mental health implies positive personal and social functioning. In the present article, we have taken the CSMH as the theoretical framework for the study of depression. Confirmatory factor analyses did not support the first axiom. In fact, the model that posits that measures of mental illness and health form a single bipolar dimension provided the best fit to the data